Adjustment of Status (I-485): EAD, Timeline & Costs (2026)

Adjustment of status is the process of applying for a U.S. green card while you are already inside the United States. Instead of leaving the country for a consular interview, you file Form I-485 with USCIS and — if approved — become a lawful permanent resident without ever leaving.

This is the path most people take if they already live in the U.S. and have a qualifying immigrant category available to them. It applies across nearly every green card type: family-based, marriage-based, employment-based, asylum, refugee, and more.

For a detailed guide on what happens at the USCIS interview — what to bring, what questions to expect, and how to handle a Stokes interview — see the green card interview guide.

Adjustment of status vs. consular processing

There are two ways to complete the final step of the green card process:

Most people who are already in the U.S. prefer adjustment of status because they can get work authorization and travel documents while waiting, and they never have to leave.

Core eligibility requirements

To adjust status, you must satisfy all of the following:

1. You must be physically present in the United States

You must be in the U.S. when you file I-485 and remain in the U.S. (without abandoning the application) throughout adjudication.

2. A visa must be immediately available

For immediate relatives of U.S. citizens (spouses, unmarried children under 21, and parents of adults), visas are always immediately available — no waiting.

For every other category — family preference (F1–F4), employment-based (EB-1 through EB-5), and most special immigrants — you must wait for your priority date to become current in the monthly Visa Bulletin. Check the priority date tracker to see where your category stands.

3. You were inspected and admitted or paroled

With limited exceptions, you must have entered the U.S. through an official port of entry and been either admitted (received a visa stamp, I-94, etc.) or paroled. People who entered without inspection (EWI) — crossing without seeing an officer — generally cannot adjust status, with notable exceptions under Section 245(i) or through humanitarian parole.

4. You must not be subject to a bar

Common bars to adjustment of status include:

• Prior removal or deportation orders
• Failure to maintain lawful status after a lawful entry (with exceptions for immediate relatives)
• Certain criminal convictions
• Fraud or misrepresentation
• Unlawful presence triggering the 3-year or 10-year bar (if triggered by leaving the U.S.)

Immediate relatives of U.S. citizens receive special treatment: they can adjust even if they overstayed a visa, worked without authorization, or entered as crewmen or via the visa waiver program (with narrow exceptions). Other categories are held to stricter standards.

What to file

A typical adjustment of status package includes:

As of December 2, 2024, USCIS requires most applicants to include the completed I-693 with the initial I-485 package — submitting it later can delay or result in rejection of the entire package.

Online filing (employment-based only, as of April 23, 2026): USCIS now allows employment-based applicants to file a standalone I-485 online through their USCIS account — no paper required. Online filing is available only if you are filing employment-based, standalone (not concurrent with other petitions), and not including a Supplement J. Family-based applicants and concurrent filers must still submit by paper mail.

Timeline by category (2026)

Processing times vary by immigrant category and USCIS service center. These are current median estimates:

Check the USCIS processing time lookup tool for current estimates by your specific category and service center, and see how long a green card takes for visa availability wait times by category and country. These times are national medians — individual cases vary.

The I-485 interview

When is an interview required?

• Family-based (marriage, parent, child, sibling): Interview required in nearly all cases in 2026
• Employment-based: Interview waived in ~72% of cases; the remaining 28% are called in
• Asylum/refugee-based: Interviews required for asylum-based; usually waived for refugee-based
• Humanitarian categories (VAWA, U visa, T visa): Interviews vary

What happens at the interview?

Interviews are conducted at your local USCIS field office. A USCIS officer reviews your file, verifies your identity, and asks questions about your background, application, and (for marriage cases) your relationship. The officer can approve the case on the spot, request additional evidence (RFE), or issue a Notice of Intent to Deny (NOID).

Bring to every interview:

• Government-issued photo ID and passport
• All civil documents (birth certificate, marriage certificate if applicable)
• I-94 record
• Tax returns for the most recent 2–3 years
• Your entire evidence package (same as what you submitted)

For marriage green card interviews, bring your joint evidence binder: lease, bank statements, photos, utility bills.

After approval

When your I-485 is approved:

1. Permanent resident card: Your green card is mailed to you, typically within 2–3 weeks of approval. Your card will show a 10-year expiration date (or 2-year for conditional residents based on recent marriages). The card is your proof of status for employment and travel.

2. Conditional residents: If you are a spouse and your marriage was less than 2 years old when the green card was granted, you receive a 2-year conditional card. File Form I-751 within the 90-day window before expiration to remove conditions.

3. Social Security: If you do not already have a Social Security Number, apply immediately — you are now eligible for unrestricted work authorization.

4. Path to citizenship: After 5 years as a permanent resident (3 years if married to a U.S. citizen who has been a citizen for 3+ years), you may apply for U.S. citizenship through naturalization.

Common mistakes to avoid

• Filing without confirming visa availability. Check the Visa Bulletin and the USCIS filing chart before filing. A premature filing will be rejected.
• Traveling without advance parole. File Form I-131 concurrently and wait for approval. Do not leave the U.S. until you have it in hand.
• Not submitting I-693 with initial package. Since December 2, 2024, USCIS can reject your entire package if the medical exam is missing.
• Letting your EAD expire. File I-765 renewal 6 months before expiration — processing times are unpredictable. A gap in work authorization is a serious problem.
• Ignoring RFEs. A Request for Evidence is not a denial. Respond within the deadline (usually 87 days) with the specific evidence requested. Missing an RFE deadline results in automatic denial.
• Changing address and not notifying USCIS. File Form AR-11 within 10 days of any move. USCIS notices sent to an old address are considered delivered.

Paths that use adjustment of status

Most green card paths culminate in adjustment of status if you are in the U.S.:

• Marriage-based green card — most common AOS filing
• Family-based green card — parents, children, siblings
• H-1B to green card — employment-based AOS after I-140 approval
• EB-2 NIW — self-petition + I-485 when priority date is current
• Asylum — one year after asylum grant
• Refugee — one year after admission as a refugee
• K-1 fiancé visa — after marriage within 90 days
• VAWA self-petition — for abused spouses/children of USCs or LPRs
• U visa — after 3 years on U nonimmigrant status
• Section 245(i) — for grandfathered applicants who entered without inspection

Not legal advice. Adjustment of status eligibility is highly fact-specific — your entry history, prior immigration violations, criminal record, and category all affect whether you qualify. Consult an experienced immigration attorney before filing.